This chapter wraps up the main conclusions of Chapters 2–14 (discussed under ‘lessons learnt’ in each) and adds a critical and reflexive stance toward the use of visual narratives to study the complexity of multilingualism as lived, subjectively perceived and (re)constructed by individuals. The validity of visual narratives as research data as well as their epistemological nature in the fi elds of applied language studies, sociolinguistics and teacher education will be addressed in order to draw a research agenda, including research objects, methods and deeper reflexivity.