The comparability of environmental and climatic conditions of the early Mars and Earth is of special interest for the actual research in astrobiology. Martian surface and terrestrial permafrost areas show similar morphological structures, which suggests that their development is based on comparable processes. Soil microbial investigations of adaptation strategies of microorganisms from terrestrial permafrost in combination with environmental, geochemical and physical analyses give insights into early stages of life on Earth. The extreme conditions in terrestrial permafrost soils can help to understand the evolution of life on early Mars and help searching for possible niches of life on present Mars or in other extraterrestrial permafrost habitats [1, 2].