Because schools as educational institutions have the task of empowering today’s students (as future citizens) to lead their lives responsibly, current social changes (such as digitalisation) suggest that uncertainty may be a particularly important dimension of educational activities. In this manuscript, a systematic review of 43 references dealing with the topic of uncertainty in the field of physical education (PE) is presented. As a result, one can identify three dimensions of the phenomenon of uncertainty: (1) uncertainty as an opportunity to foster processes of deep learning (Bildung) among students in the PE classroom, (2) uncertainty as a challenge for PE teachers and preservice teachers and (3) uncertainty as a characteristic of movement, games and sports. The paper discusses the consequences of these findings for teaching and teacher education in PE. In distinguishing these three dimensions of the phenomenon of uncertainty in the field of one subject (here PE), the article suggests a structure for analysing uncertainty in other subjects, as well as with respect to wider fields of research such as research on professionalism or school development.