In this chapter, the authors summarize current research on user and peer motivations in peer production systems, focusing on the following: individual motivations to participate, selection of tasks, and participation in peer production as a social practice, which influences motivations and highlights the critical role of institutions in enabling peer production. Generally, surveys have identified a diverse set of motivations for starting and continuing engagement in peer production spanning intrinsic, internalized extrinsic and extrinsic motivations. Social practices frame peer production as a school of virtue in which norms, attitudes, and standards are concurrently being created with the internal goods themselves. Peer production becomes a lifestyle. Most individuals will be consumers and free-riders of commons-based peer production systems. Still, in many cases and under the right conditions enough peers can be motivated to achieve impressive output.