In this special issue, we decided to focus on benefits and challenges of teachers’ and students’ interaction with ChatGPT (or general AI) in their teaching and learning of mathematics. Hence, all eight papers are related to how students or teachers, pre-service and in-service teachers, work with and use ChatGPT in their professional lives. We structure the papers according to four categories: (1) introductory scoping survey, (2) design issues, (3) issues related to mathematics teacher education, and (4) issues related to students’ use of ChatGPT in their learning of mathematics.