This chapter surveys a broad spectrum of material practices that came together in the process of producing a treatise, an extended book or an entire manuscript. It discusses writing materials, inks and writing implements, textual formats and layouts as well as advice literature on book production. Central themes include the different types of manuscripts, the emergence of book markets and workshops, the differences between styles of illustrating and illuminating manuscripts in major Islamicate cultures with a particular focus on specific examples from the wealth of scientific texts and manuscripts.