The ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform writing system was used for almost three and a half millennia until other scriptural traditions eclipsed it at some time in the first or second century CE. The ubiquitous use of clay as a medium of writing has defined Mesopotamian manuscript cultures, but here we focus selectively on other media, including various kinds of stone and perishable wax covered wooden boards, as well as other fragile media. Stone, however, was often reused or relocated by natives and by plundering armies and while clay is quite durable, because of vagaries of ancient archive preservation and modern looting we must work with documentation that is fragmentary and incomplete in its own idiosyncratic manner.