As English becomes ever more entrenched as an additional language in mainland Europe, research suggests it is no longer used purely instrumentally, for the purposes of international communication, but is becoming an integral part of the sociocultural identity of many continental Europeans (e.g. Berns, De Bot and Hasebrink 2007; Berns 1995, 2005; Edwards 2016; Leppänen et al. 2011; Preisler 1999; Proshina 2005). An increasing number of studies have focused on mainland Europeans’ attitudes to different non-native (NNS) varieties of English. Attitudes to the notion of a pan-continental ‘Euro-English’ have been found to be largely negative (Van den Doel and Quené 2013; Forche 2012; Gnutzmann, Jakisch and Rabe 2015; Groom 2012; Mollin 2006; Murray 2004; Sing 2004). However, there are indications that more localised (regional or national) varieties of English may be viewed as more acceptable.