Road pricing - A survey

We provide an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art of road pricing and describe up-to-date methodological issues in the design and evaluation of road pricing schemes. A number of paradigm shifts from the two polar cases of the marginal social cost pricing of road traffic congestion and revenue-maximizing road toll pricing are analyzed, as induced by the need to address realistic design complexities and constraints. The crucial role of the joint consideration of pricing strategies and optimal capacity provision and several network management measures is considered and an integrated evaluation framework is provided to incorporate a range of road pricing impacts into the scheme design process.